PHYSICAL FABRIC Florilegium Urbanum
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Keywords: medieval Nottingham financial administration account civic works property streets cleaning repairs bridges houses shops market pasture chimney construction building materials transportation windows paving bureaucracy officers
Subject: Upkeep of borough properties
Original source: Nottinghamshire Archives, Nottingham chamberlains account book
Transcription in: W.H. Stevenson, ed. Records of the Borough of Nottingham, (London and Nottingham, 1883), vol.3, 252-61.
Original language: Middle English
Location: Nottingham
Date: 1486


TRANSLATION

Memorandum that this book lists the costs, repairs, and expenses made and undertaken by John Coste and John Howett, chamberlains of the town of Nottingham, from 29 September 1485 to the same date in 1486 – that is, for a whole year – during the term of Richard Alestre as mayor of the town of Nottingham, John Bellyn and John Williamson then being sheriffs of that town.

Repairs and other expenses in various places within the town and its vicinity, as follows:
First, paid on a lump sum basis on 1 October to 2 labourers for cleaning Beck Lane, and pulling up weeds and fulling up the ditch in that lane 6d.
Item, paid on a lump sum basis on 8 October to another 2 labourers for cleaning out the passage between the Shambles and the Drapery, and daubing the Drapery wall 14d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 3 loads of clay for the Drapery and for the wall by the well 9d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for laths and nails for the wall at the west end of the Drapery 2d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for carrying off 5 loads of debris that was removed from the passage 5d.
Item, paid on 28 October for a timber groundsill for one of the shoemakers' booths, recently held by John Stokes cordwainer 2d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 2 studs for that booth 2d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for a door for that booth, and for hooks and bands for the door 10d.
Item, paid for laths and nails for the same 3d.
Item, paid to a wright for repairs to the booth 6d.
Item, paid for daubing that booth 1½d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to John Wolthwayte, plasterer, in full payment of the contract made with him for plastering the Council House and the parlour under it, etc. 6s.8d
Total of this page: 11s.8½d
Item, paid on 10 November for 2 carts transporting gravel to the causeway leading to Sneinton ford, over the course of one day, each of them receiving 10d. a day total 20d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to 2 labourers working on the causeway over the course of a day, each of them receiving for wages and meal 4d. a day 8d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for a lock for the gate to Sneinton Wood 4d.
Item, paid on 10 April to 3 Bridgeford men with 3 carts, cleaning Cow Lane over the course of 2 days, each of them receiving 12d. a day total 6s.
Item, paid on the same occasion for the cleaning of Organ Lane 17d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Roger Pynder and Richard May for hedging between the common ground and Christopher Purceglove's ground, over the course of a day and a half 12d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to William Davy for transporting two loads of brushwood from the Coppice to the common ground next to Christopher Purceglove's 16d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Thomas Parker for cutting down those two loads of brushwood 4d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Norys for hedging Robin Hood Close over the course of 2 days, he receiving 4d. a day for wages and meals total 8d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Thomas Parker for cutting down two loads of brushwood at the same location 4d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Thomas Parker for mending the carriage path that leads from the Coppice 2d.
Item, paid on 12 April for cutting down a load of brushwood for Margaret Forth's garden 2d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for carrying off that brushwood from the garden 8d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for hedging the garden 5d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Norys for cleaning the ditch between Eastcroft and Henry Newton's close 8d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to William Davy for transporting 2 loads of brushwood to Trent Side 20d.
Item, paid on 28 April for 100 tiles for the Shoemakers' Booths 8d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for a ridge tile for the same 1d.
Item, paid for a bushel of lime for the same 4d.
Item, paid on the same occasion on a lump sum basis to a tiler for tiling those booths 12d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 4 loads of clay for those booths and for the Ropers' Booths 12d.
Item, paid for studs for those booths 3d.
Item, paid for laths and nails for those booths 8d.
Total of this page: 21s.7d
Item, paid on the same occasion for straw, for the daubing of those booths 2d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for stone, groundsills, and daubing of those booths 2s.
Item, paid on the same occasion for a horse-lock and a key for the gate of Eastcroft 6d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Ovyott and Knolles for making 800 faggots in the Coppice, at the cost of 7d. per hundred total 4s.8d
Item, paid on the same occasion to Ovyott for felling and stripping timber there for 16 days, at 4d. a day total 5s.4d
Repairs to Plumptre Bridge, as follows:
First, paid on 28 October for fetching three timbers from Cheny Bridge to Plumptre Bridge, to lay on the bridge under the gravel 1d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Robert Large for another timber to lie on the same bridge 4d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Bocher for fetching gravel for that bridge, one day 12d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to a labourer to help him fill and spread gravel 4d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for a "thrave of lyng" for the bridge 2d.
Costs and expenses incurred in relation to completing the new rental tenements between the Council House and Lady Cecily Inglishe's gates, as follows:
First, paid on 30 April to "Master Hegyn for 6 pieces of timber for those houses 12s.6d
Item, paid on 3 May to William Esott and Thomas Hudson for working on the tenements over the course of 11½ days, each of the receiving 6d. a day total 11s.6d
Item, paid on the same occasion to two sawyers sawing there over the course of 4 days, they receiving 11d. a day for wages and meals total 3s.8d
Item, paid on the same occasion for hauling the timber from the wright's to the saw-pit 2d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for transporting that timber from the saw-pit to the houses 8d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 24 boards for doors and windows for those houses 4s.0d
Item, paid on the same occasion to Gilbert Kerver for making 5 doors for the houses 20d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to the same Gilbert for making an arched fireplace lintel in one of the houses 4d.
Total of this page: 49s.1d
Item, paid on the same occasion for 6 sets of hooks and bands for those doors 2s.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 200 nails for the doors and windows 6d.
Item, paid on 10 May for 13 loads of plaster for the houses 14s.1d
Item, paid on the same occasion to Nicholas Taillour of Basford for 4 loads of setting stone for the houses 2s.8d
Item, paid on the same occasion to John Plasterer for working on those houses over the course of 8 days, he receiving 6d. a day for his wages and meals total 4s.0d
Item, paid on the same occasion to 2 labourers for burning plaster and cleaning the tavern in which to mix plaster, over the course of 2 days, each of them receiving 4d. a day total 16d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to another 2 labourers for mixing the plaster and assisting the plasterer there over the course of 8 days, each of them receiving 4d. a day total 5s.4d
Item, paid on the same occasion for half a "roke" of coal for burning the plaster 14d.
Item, paid for a load of wood for burning the same plaster 20d.
Item, paid on 16 May to William Esott wright for working on a chimney and a bay window in one of the houses over the course of 7½ days, he receiving 6d. a day for wages and meals total 3s.9d
Item, paid on the same occasion to Thomas Hudson wright for working at the same house over the space of 6½ days, he receiving 6d. a day total 3s.3d
Item, paid on the same occasion to 2 sawyers for sawing the uprights of the chimney, and other timbers related to the same, over the course of 2 days, they receiving 11d. a day total 22d.
Item, paid for 6 bundles of stone laths for daubing of the chimney 21d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 2,000 stone lath nails for the chimney 2s.6d
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Bocher for 4 loads of clay for daubing the chimney 12d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to the same Richard for removing 4 loads of debris 4d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for chopped straw with which to temper the clay for daubing the chimney 2d.
Item, paid on the same occasion, on a lump sum basis, for a dauber to daub the chimney 2s.4d
Item, paid on the same occasion for a load of Basford stone with which to make the chimney hearth 12d.
Item, paid for 400 bricks with which to make the reredos of the chimney 3s.4d
Item, paid for the transport of those bricks from the Tile House to the said places, etc. 3d.
Item, paid on the same occasion, on a lump sum basis, to John Calton mason for making the hearth and the reredos for that chimney 16d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 2 iron hooks to set into the chimney etc. 4d.
Total of this page: 55s.11d
Item, paid on 26 May to Gilbert Nymmyng carver for work on the lintels of the bay window in the bedchamber and for making 2 windows and 4 ledges for the same 2s.
Item, paid on 10 September to Ralph Segwyk for removing the great window in the house next to that of Lady Inglishe and working on it over the course of 3 days, he receiving 6d. a day for wages and meals total 18d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to his man for working there over the course of 3 days,he receiving 6d. a day for wages and meals 18d.
Item, paid for a stool for that bay window 8d.
Item, paid for a "cheke" of that window 4d.
Item, paid for boards and ledges for the window 11d.
Item, paid for nails for that window 2d.
Item, paid on 26 September to John Mason and John Calton, in full payment of the contract made with them for building up the north end of Hethbeth Bridge, by order of the mayor 13s.4d
Total of this page: 20s.5d
Costs and expenses incurred in the paving of various streets of the town, as follows:
First, paid on 12 December to William Chappell of Bulwell for 3 loads of boulders for Fleshewergate 18d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Wylson of the same town for another 3 loads of boulders for the same street 18d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Butlar of the same town for another load of boulders for the same street 6d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Bocher for transporting 5 loads of sand for the same street 10d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to the same Richard for carting off muck out of the same street 2d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to the paver for working on six toises in that street, before he was hired on salary for the year, he receiving 6d. a toise total 3s.0d
Item, paid on the same occasion for another 16 loads of boulders for the same street 8s.0d
Item, paid on 24 December to William Chappell of Bulwell for another 2 loads of boulders that were used in the same street after the paver was hired 12d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Wylson for 16 loads of boulders for the same street, at 6d. a load total 8s.0d
Item, paid on the same occasion for a load of sand for the same street 2d.
Item, paid on 25 January for cleaning the lane by St. Mary's churchyard 8d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 3 loads of sand for the same lane 6d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Bocher for fetching 17 loads of sand to the same lane 2s.10d
Item, paid on 1 March for a dozen loads of sand for the same street 2s.
Item, paid on the same occasion for transporting debris to the same lane, to raise the surface level 4d.
Item, paid on 6 March to Richard Bocher for 7 loads of sand for the same lane 14d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Wylson of Bulwell for 16 loads of boulders for the same lane 8s.0d
Item, paid on the same occasion to Robert Maseld for a load of boulders for the same lane 6d.
Item, paid on 13 March to the same Robert for another 2 loads of boulders for the same lane 12d.
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Bocher for 6 loads of sand for the same street 12d.
Item, paid on 28 March to Richard Bocher for 6 loads of sand for the same street 12d.
Item, paid for another 10 loads of boulders for the same street 5s.0d
Item, paid on 29 March for 5 loads of sand for Smithy Row and Long Row 10d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 8 loads of boulders for Stoney Street, at 6d. a load total 4s.0d
Item, paid on the same occasion for 4 loads of sand for the same street 8d.
Item, paid on 4 May for 10 loads of sand for the same street 20d.
Item, paid on 10 May for 13 loads of sand for the same street 2s.2d
Total of this page: 63s.0d
Item, paid on the same occasion to William Chappell for 8 loads of boulders for the same street 4s.
Item, paid on 12 May for 3 loads of sand for Plumptre Lane 6d.
Item, paid at the same time to William Chappell for a load of bounders for the same lane 6d.
Item, paid on 14 May for another load of boulders for the same lane 6d.
Item, paid for 2 loads of sand for the same lane 4d.
Item, paid on 16 May to Richard Bocher for 8 loads of sand for various places in the town where the pavement has been broken etc. 16d.
Item, on the same occasion to William Chappell for 4 loads of boulders for various places in the town where the pavement has been broken 2s.0d
Item, on 24 May to William Chappell of Bulwell for 5 loads of boulders brought for paving in Bridlesmith Gate etc. 2s.6d
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Wylson of the same town for another 6 loads of boulders for paving in the same street 3s.0d
Item, paid on the same occasion to Turnour of the same town for another 5 loads of boulders for the same street etc. 2s.6d
Item, paid on the same occasion to William Graunger for 14 loads of sand for the same street etc. 2s.4d
Item, paid on 31 May to William Chappell for 2 loads of boulders for the north end of Leen Bridge 12d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 2 loads of sand to the same bridge-end 4d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 2 loads of boulders for paving in Hollowstone 12d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 2 loads of sand for the same street 4d.
Item, paid on 8 June for 2 loads of boulders bought from William Chappell for Wheelwright Gate 12d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 2 loads of sand brought by Richard Bocher for the same street 4d.
Item, paid on the same occasion for 6 loads of boulders brought to the upper end of Wheelwright Gate and Pepper Street, and to the lower end of the Low Pavement, at 6d. a load total 3s.0d
Item, paid on the same occasion to Richard Bocher for 6 loads of sand for the same project 12d.
Total of this page: 27s.6d


DISCUSSION

These extracts from the annual financial accounts of the borough give some sense of the scope of the "public works" facet of local government in the late fifteenth century. Whereas there was reliance on communal labour in the nascent period of self-government, by the close of the Middle Ages government was itself shouldering those responsibilities (or rather, we might say, the labour duties had been commuted into local taxation).

There was no department of public works yet, nor any officer dedicated solely to overseeing that aspect of administration, but several positions were coming into being with particular responsibilities in that regard:

  • A street-paver was apparently put on the payroll of the borough this year, instead of being contracted for specific projects; the volume of work – both new paving and repairs to existing paving – evidently justified this.
  • Roger Pynder and Thomas Parker may have been in the same situation, or at least on the verge of it. Certainly by 1494 these men were on the payroll, Pynder receiving a salary of 40s. and Parker 20s., though in what capacity is not indicated; both men were also issued with uniforms. Parker is also paid in the 1485/86 account for messenger errands he ran for the authorities. In the 1499/1500 account, during which period Parker died, he was receiving the same salary and described as Keeper of the Sewn Fields and Woods, in distinction from another officer who was the Keeper of Meadows and Fences and was earning 40s. The two men's surnames both suggest a family heritage appropriate to their occupations, a parker being a groundskeeper of an estate and a pinder one who impounded stray animals.

A "pinder of Nottingham" – the keeper of the Pinfold, or communal pound – is mentioned in the borough rental of 1435, and we hear of John de Horncastle as a "servant of the community" in this role in 1364; in the chamberlains' account of 1464 this official is listed among those paid a fee and given a uniform. In the 1390s there is reference to the "common keeper of pigs" in a context which claims that there had been a communal swineherd from time immemorial; that phrase was not necessarily to be taken literally in the Middle Ages, but we hear of appointments to the office in the 1350s and '60s. The Bridgemaster's account of 1488 also talks of "the thatcher", and "the filler and the spreader" (of gravel); although these unnamed men were paid per job and probably not employees of the corporation, we can see a degree of specialization developing in the work required by the borough. That work was quite extensive in 1485/86. At least eleven streets were targeted for paving.

By the middle of the fifteenth century the authorities had introduced bridge-wardens to take responsibility for collection of revenues intended for maintenance of Hethbeth Bridge, and their expenditure to that end. As the borough acquired properties through gifts or bequests – some to support chantries, some in aid of bridgework, others with no apparent strings attached – the bridge-wardens took on maintenance of those as well. Maintenance of lesser bridges appears to have been the responsibility of the chamberlains.

Besides the properties gifted to the borough, its authorities had been in the process for some time of developing wasteland or communal land to provide for improved facilities and augmented revenues through leases or rents. The earliest surviving list of these properties (1435) shows the variety: weirs in the river with associated fishing rights, gardens, fields on the outskirts of town, meadows beside the river, gravelly stretches along the riverbank (probably for some industrial use), the towers on either side of the town gate called Chapel Bar, laneways, market stalls, pig-pens.

We also hear in the same rental of various structures of which some at least were owned by the borough: the Common Flesh-house (i.e. shambles) in the Saturday Market, possibly an open-sided building, its 16 bays each accommodating two stalls (each owing a rent of 5s. a year), and a lean-to attached to the north side to provide cover for 10 fish-boards (each paying 2s. a year); the Drapery, with 10 2-stall bays (each stall owing 4s. annual rent), the Common Bakehouse; the Common Pinfold, probably for impounded animals found roaming the streets; the Tilehouse; the Toll Booth; and the Common Town Hall, whose lower floor and two attached tenements were in 1499 being rented out. Before the close of the century the corporation had extended its initiative to create market buildings for specific goods, by adding a Mercers' House accommodating 30 stalls; this was in process of being tiled in 1484/85.

All these represented legal obligations and costs for upkeep. This growth in borough-owned real estate may have been part of the reason why Nottingham's town clerk had commissioned, ca.1483, a copy of Littleton's Treatise on Tenures.

Paving is also documented in the earliest surviving chamberlains' account, 1463/64, when Marsh, Dead Lane, and High Pavement were the focus of activity; cobblestones rather than boulders were being used at that period. A wall was also being put up in Dead Lane. That year saw a good deal of hedging going on, particularly at the Coppice, at Eastcroft, and around one of the gravelled riverbank areas known as Upper Steyner. To give further protection of the latter from roaming animals, a wooden railing was also being erected. Plumptre Bridge required only minor repairs that year, but the town's pillory needed foundation work, the Horse Mill (in the vicinity of Chapel Bar) had to have new mill-stones and some repairs, and one side of the Guildhall needing re-daubing.

Around 1479 the Guildhall at the south end of Weekday Cross was expanded – a supervisory committee comprising the mayor and 19 other leading citizens having been appointed, and the principal construction firm having been chosen – thanks to the bequest of adjacent land in the Weekday Market, earlier part of the foundation of the Amyas chantry. Located within the New Hall, as it was called at first, were the Council House, the Treasury, and the borough gaol, and other spaces rented out for residential and business purposes.

For purposes of comparison, the York chamberlains account of 1486/87 deals with costs incurred in maintaining stone walls in various places (possibly the defensive wall around the town was meant), repairs to the communal crane at the quayside, and work on the bell-tower of the chapel on Foss Bridge. At this period the ranks of the civic bureaucracy included a salaried mason (responsible primarily for the city walls), a Guildhall custodian, and a custodian of the Common Staith, as well as the bridgekeepers, who were responsible for the upkeep of a long list of properties whose rents funded bridge maintenance.

flourish

NOTES

"Beck Lane"
Now Heathcote Street.

"fulling up"
Stevenson thought this meant "filling up", but that makes no sense. More likely the action needed would have been to clean out the ditch, or perhaps firm up its banks.

"Drapery"
The drapers' booths were located in the Saturday marketplace.

"daubing"
In this context it probably refers to patching up holes with clay, or perhaps plastering over the entire wall. Larger holes were perhaps to be infilled with a criss-cross of laths, to support the plaster.

"groundsill"
The lowest horizontal timber in a building frame; i.e. the foundation.

"shoemakers' booths"
These were at the east end of the Saturday marketplace, and the stretch came to be known as The Shoe Booths.

"cordwainer"
A leather-worker specialising in a fine quality tawed leather (sourced from sheep or goats) originally imported from Cordoba in Spain. This leather was found particularly suitable for footwear, and so cordwainers were essentially shoemakers, but distinct from cobblers (who repaired shoes or made cheaper shoes and leggings, using cowhide).

"wright"
Here the craftsman in question was most likely a carpenter.

"Cow Lane"
Now Clumber Street.

"Organ Lane"
Later Sheep Lane and now (after widening) Market Street. J. Holland Walker attributed the name to an old meaning of organ, as "communication", since the lane was a connecting route between Long Row and the Backside (Parliament Street).

"hedging"
Whether this was putting up hedging, or maintaining hedging already in existence is not clear; probably the latter. The 1484/85 account also referred to hedging at the Coppice and Robin Hood Close, conducted by Richard Norys and John May.

"brushwood "
The original has tynsell which Stevenson's research equated with brushwood or underwood, sometimes thorny, used to fill in gaps in hedges, just as prickly Christmas tinsel fills out a Christmas tree. The word can also be found as tinet or tenet, in contexts that lead me to suspect it may refer on occasion not merely to material for repair of a hedge, but material from which to construct artificial hedging.

"Coppice"
This was communal land, used for grazing of the animals of the burgesses; the hedging that took place there was probably to stop them from wandering.

"Robin Hood's Close"
A pasture leased out by the borough (at 10s. a year in 1499). Robin Hood Well stood nearby.

"Margaret Forth's garden"
This was apparently the "messuage in Whitefriars Row" (the present Beastmarket Hill) that the Corporation leased to cordwainer John Flynt – along with 3 shops in the Shoe Booths that Margaret Ford (as widow of William Ford) had held of the borough – after her death in 1494. The shops were leased to Flynt for five years, at £10.

"Eastcroft"
Meadow immediately southeast of the town.

"lime"
Mixed with sand to make mortar.

"horse-lock"
Stevenson thought this a lock for a device to hobble a horse, but recognized that such locks might be used for other purposes. In the previous year's account the lock had been repaired and a new key bought, and the gate itself repaired, after it had been broken open by soldiers of Richard III's forces gathering for the fight at Bosworth.

"Plumptre Bridge"
Probably, Stevenson thought, one of the bridges over the Leen.

"timbers"
The term in the original, crustes, may perhaps refer to some kind of concrete bed or beam, Stevenson speculates (on the basis of the Latin crusta).

"Cheny Bridge"
A small bridge that crossed the Chain Pools.

"thrave of lyng"
A thrave was two dozen and applied particularly to sheaves of wheat; in this context Stevenson interprets the phrase as a bundle of 24 sheaves of heather, which was laid atop boards to season them.

"Master Hegyn"
Merchant William Hegyn, who had served as mayor in 1480/81, and was the mayor in 1486 before whom Coste and Howett rendered account.

"burning"
I assume the intent was to dry the plaster more quickly.

"roke"
A quantity equivalent to a wagon-load.

"stone laths"
According to Stevenson these were probably "broad strips of wood upon which slates or tiles are nailed" [op.cit., 502].

"reredos"
The back wall or partition of a fireplace.

"Tile House"
Located in Beck Street and later known as the Pottery.

"hooks"
On which to hang receptacles for cooking or warming.

"cheke"
Stevenson suspected the "cheek" referred to the side casing

"Bulwell"
Bulwell stone, a unique limestone whose crystalline structure gives it unusual durability, was quarried near Nottingham and often used in local building projects. It is still used, mainly for walling. Bulwell itself lay to the north-west of the town, not far from Basford, another source of stone.

"Fleshewergate"
Now Fletcher Gate. The name indicates the location of butcher shops there, and J. Holland Walker suggested that this made for messy conditions which encouraged it as an early target for paving.

"boulders"
This probably refers to large smooth-worn rocks – a larger-scale version of cobblestones.

"toises"
A measure of length used in France before the metric system and comparable to the English fathom of 6 feet; but since the Paris foot was slightly longer than the English, equivalent to 6ft. 4½in. When used to refer to area, it was equivalent to about 4.5 sq.yds.

"the lane by St. Mary's churchyard"
Kaye's Walk or St. Mary's Gate may be intended.

"Smithy Row"
Located in the north-eastern section of the Saturday marketplace; now Long Row East.

"Long Row"
Along the northern side of the marketplace, just west of Smithy Row.

"Plumptre Lane"
Named after a prominent burgess family, it stretched between the Saturday marketplace and St. Peter's church, and was later known as Peck Lane.

"Hollowstone"
A narrow road carved into the cliff up from the river to the town.

"Wheelwright Gate"
Now Wheeler Gate.

"Pepper Street"
A turning off Bridlesmith Gate.

"Saturday Market"
This was the marketplace of the French borough, established after the Norman conquest. The Weekday Market represented the existing marketplace of the English borough.

"Marsh"
At the eastern end of Narrow Marsh, which is now Cliff Road, but Marsh itself no longer exists as a road.

"Dead Lane"
There was more than one lane of this name.




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Created: August 27, 2004. Last update: May 27, 2016 © Stephen Alsford, 2004-2016