DEFENCE AND SECURITY Florilegium Urbanum


Keywords: medieval Southampton defences gates towers maintenance contracts rent walls construction murage artillery quays customs service naval warfare raids
Subject: Lease of a city gate, with provisions for its maintenance
Original source: Southampton City Archives, Black Book, f.50
Transcription in: A.B. Wallis Chapman, ed. The Black Book of Southampton, vol.2 , Southampton Record Society, vol. 14 (1912), 78-86.
Original language: Latin
Location: Southampton
Date: 1481


TRANSLATION

Indenture between the mayor of the town of Southampton on the one part and Roger Kelsale on the other part.

To all faithful Christians to whose attention this indented document comes, Thomas Avan, mayor of the town of Southampton, William Perchard and Richard Wiskard, bailiffs of that town, along with the entire community of comburgesses there give greetings in God everlasting Let it be known that a certain tower built over our gate, called the Watergate, in the southern part of town, is very ruinous and in poor condition and in need of no small expenditure on repairs. However, our dear brother Roger Kelsale, a yeoman of the king and our fellow burgess, perceiving our poverty, the need for expenditure on fresh repairs to that tower, and [the desirability] for a town situated on the sea-coast to be fortified, buttressed, and defended against all sorts of raids or invasions by enemies of this English realm, in so far as it has the means, has earnestly and voluntarily undertaken to hold and maintain the tower, renovating and repairing it satisfactorily at his own expense, as regards all repairs that may be necessary. On the understanding and condition that we, the mayor, bailiffs and community of burgesses of the town, on behalf of ourselves and our successors, are willing to grant [the tower] to Roger and his heirs or assigns for ninety-nine years.

For our part, considering not only the zeal and benevolence that Roger intends to apply to the benefit, utility, and defence of this town, but also anticipating all aspects of the burden and expense of repairing the tower and of maintaining its defensibility, and in consideration of twenty pounds handed over towards repairs to the town walls (parts of which have collapsed or are decaying due to the action of stormy tides on the shoreline), we have, by unanimous agreement, leased, handed over, and by this indented document have confirmed to Roger the tower, together with a house adjacent to the tower (when it returns into the hands of the town – Margery Kyrton now residing in that house) and all its appurtenances, in the same manner in which William Sopar, formerly of this town, had them. In addition, [they grant] licence for the erection and construction of a solar or solars, at the upper (not lower) level between the tower and the house where the king's customs are collected (belonging to the college of the Blessed Mary at Winchester, called the New College, and being leased by Christopher Ambros) on the north side of the gate. Provided that the new structure erected and constructed at the upper level does not result in damage or impediment to the town, in regard to the unloading of wagons or carts carrying cargoes of wool to the town weigh-house, or travelling through the town in the direction of the sea-front or elsewhere to discharge there other goods with which the carts are loaded.

Furthermore, we, the mayor, bailiffs, and burgesses, have by this document licensed Roger, his heirs and assigns, to erect, build, and maintain throughout the entire term aforementioned (with the sole exception of times of war), on the far side of the town walls near the aforesaid gate, a new "skelyng" in which to put his rigging, oars, and sails together with all tackle required for [his?] ships, and other timber.

Roger, his heirs and assigns to have and to hold the tower and the house, as well as the licence to build on the upper level of the tower, as indicated above, and the aforesaid skelyng in peacetime, from 24 June next until the term of 99 years fully expires, for: the stated twenty pounds already paid; an annual payment to us, the mayor, bailiffs, and burgesses, and our successors in the town, of 12d. in legal tender, on the date mentioned, for the entire duration of the term; bearing the cost of all other works, both routine and extraordinary, such as loop-holes and other military fittings for defending the town. of whatever sort necessary and appropriate; and [for paying] the rents and [the upkeep of] the defences that anciently been an obligation of that tower and house. Roger, his heirs and assigns shall, as their own cost and expense, repair, keep up, and maintain the tower, house, and solar in all regards, during the whole of the term.

Should it happen at any point during the term that the rent fall into arrears, wholly or partially, so that although demanded according to due process it is unpaid for half a year, then it is permissible for the mayor, bailiffs, and community of comburgesses, or their successors, the mayors, bailiffs, and community of burgesses of that town who shall then be, to distrain on the tower, house, newly-built solar, and skelyng, and lawfully to carry off or drive away the distrained items thus taken there, and to keep possession of them until the mayor, bailiffs, and community of comburgesses are fully paid and satisfied by Roger, his heirs and executors. And should it happen at any point during the term that the rent, having been duly demanded, fall into arrears, wholly or partially, and be unpaid for an entire year. and that in the tower, house, solar, and skelyng there cannot be found sufficient distrainable items, or that it is not properly maintained and becomes ruinous, and this can be satisfactorily demonstrated and proved, or that during the same time the tower is not repaired or kept defensible, then it is permissible for the mayor, bailiffs, and community of burgesses of the town, or their successors there, to re-enter and repossess the tower, house, solar, and skelyng, and hold them again as they formerly did, and to evict and completely remove Roger, his heirs and executors from the same, this agreement notwithstanding.

Roger, his heirs and assigns are not permitted, without [explicit] licence from the town, to rent, sell, or in any way alienate their term of the lease of the tower, or the house, or the newly-built solar, to any lord or magnate, so that any damage or impediment should in any way befall or happen to the town during the term of the lease, under penalty of forfeiting twenty pounds to be levied for the town's use.

With the proviso, however, that whenever during the term there occurs or breaks out all-out war or serious hostilities between England and any other kingdom or other foreign country, Roger, his heirs or assigns, are, after receiving due warning in that regard, to dismantle and remove the skelyng for the duration of the war, to avoid it proving an inconvenience to the town.

Provided always that neither Roger nor his heirs or assigns, by reason of the above terms of the arrangement, shall in any way during the entire term meddle with the gate beneath the tower, nor with the small gates in that tower, nor with repairs to the same.

We, the mayor, bailiffs, and community of burgesses of the town, by this agreement, will warrant and defend against all-comers the aforesaid tower, house, solar and skelyng, during the entire term [of the lease], under the conditions specified above. In testimony to which, and in confirmation of the terms of the arrangement, the mayor, bailiffs, and community of burgesses of the town of Southampton, by unanimous agreement, have appended their seal to that one part of this indenture which is to remain in Roger's possession. Roger has appended his seal to the other part of this indenture, which is to remain in the possession of the mayor, bailiffs, and community of burgesses of the town. These being witnesses: Thomas Avan, then mayor of Southampton, John Shropshire and Richard Gryme, two of the aldermen of that town, Thomas Smyth, sheriff of that town, William Perchard and Richard Wiskard, bailiffs of that town, Massia Salmon, then steward there, with many others. Dated at Southampton, 2 June 1481, in the twenty-first year of the reign of King Edward IV.



DISCUSSION

Saxon Hamwic was an undefended settlement. After its residents relocated in the tenth century to a new site, which would develop into Southampton, a defensive ditch was dug, at least on the shoreward site; this suggests that Viking raids of the period may have been one of the reasons for the relocation. Defences and defenders were not, however, sufficient to prevent the "new town" being plundered by Danish forces several times during the early eleventh century. After the Conquest, Southampton grew into a leading south coast port, used both for import/export and for the transit of royal forces, and later served as a base for naval construction.

The introduction of a Norman castle (first mentioned in 1153) did not provide the protection the townsmen felt their families, homes and businesses needed, and from the late twelfth century a half-hearted effort was underway to improve the town's defences, although whether prompted by the civil war of preceding decades or a desire to control trade routes into the town, we cannot say. The first step (ca. 1175) seems to have been to reinforce an existing wooden gate, on the east side of town, with a stone arch; the Eastgate was joined by a new gate at the northern entrance to the town: the earliest version of the Bargate (1190) was a simple structure, although later development made it larger and more elaborate. In the opening years of the next century a ditch was dug and an earthen rampart thrown up between the two gates; it was extended in subsequent decades to define the entire northern and eastern boundaries of the area of heaviest settlement, terminating not far from the castle. In both 1202 and 1203 King John, who had a small fleet to protect in Southampton's harbour, allowed the town to deduct £100 from its fee farm for application towards the cost of enclosing the town; we can guess this helped finance the rampart and ditch, but there is no indication that wall-building was underway at that period. Murage grants were obtained for much of the period from the beginning of the 1260s (when the Montfortian and royalist factions were moving towards civil war) to the end of the'80s; if this money was spent as authorized, the earliest phase of adding a stone wall atop the northern ramparts, and perhaps the eastern as well, may have been the result.

The sides facing the water (sea to the south and river to the west) were not yet protected, although from 1299 there was work on building a proper quay incorporating some kind of enclosure. But there must have been concern that fortifications would impede public access to the harbour on which Southampton's prosperity depended; reluctant to erect solid defences there, the borough authorities (many of whose members held property along the waterfront) gambled on English sea-power to keep the Channel free of enemies. Yet this was precisely the direction from which danger was most likely to come. In 1319 there was fighting between townsmen and crews of Venetian galleys harbouring at Southampton; and in 1321 a Winchelsea fleet, as part of a campaign to assert Cinque Ports dominance along the south coast, landed at Southampton and burned a number of ships beached there. The risks increased once England and France were at war. The 1320s saw an effort to continue work on fortifications, aided by royal orders and grants of murage and quayage; but although gates and bars protected access to streets running from the southern and western edges of town, and a barbican was put up on the seaward side, the defences were still inadequate. Meanwhile, the king's castle had been allowed to fall into disrepair.

Graphic demonstration of the weak defences came in October 1338, when a fleet of French and Genoese ships descended on Southampton early one morning. There is no indication the townsmen were able to mount any serious resistance. Many of them were slain or carried off for ransom, and their properties and merchandize plundered or destroyed by fire. No help came from county forces supposed to be guarding the coast. After the raiders had withdrawn, local and county men, it was later accused, had themselves looted wool and wines belonging to the king or to foreign merchants stored in Southampton. Large areas across the town, but particularly in the southern half, were burned down (probably including the house of the mayor of that year, where the town treasury and archives may have been kept) or were so badly damaged they had to be demolished; and during the coming year mercantile commerce came to a virtual standstill.

Local government would likely have been disrupted, many of the town rulers having lost their lives or their homes, but this problem became academic when a furious Edward III suspended the borough liberties and appointed his own custodians of its government, supported by a small garrison; their focus was on repairing damage to the castle. The king also appointed a commission of enquiry into the failure of the defensive system. The investigation incorporated a review of the performance of local officials and one, a former mayor and a customs collector, was briefly imprisoned in the Tower and saddled with a ruinous fine for customs fraud and misappropriation of money collected for construction of defences. In 1341 another investigation was held into the financial accounts related to the barbican.

1339 saw fears of yet another raid. The king increased the garrison size, assigned two pinnaces to the port to help with defence, supplied the defenders with ordnance, and even visited himself to consult on defensive arrangements. He was determined that the defensive circuit must be completed properly but quickly. County sheriffs were ordered to impress masons, carpenters and other workmen for the task and to bring in building materials. Local self-government was restored and some financial relief provided. The townsmen were instructed to rebuild their houses as best they could, and those who had abandoned the town were ordered to return. Activity was soon underway on repairs to existing defences, quarrying of stone for new construction, deepening the ditch, and constructing new springalds and a large mangonel. After the English naval victory at Sluys, fears of a French threat diminished, the garrison was withdrawn, and responsibility for work on the fortifications and for local defence was turned back to the townsmen, who for a while at least were more motivated to provide the town with what it needed.

The collection of murage was permitted again from 1345, being renewed periodically to cover much of the period into the 1380s; but with commerce at Southampton badly depressed, the income from murage during that period could not have met needs. An examination ordered by the king in 1353 of the state of the defences revealed problems: the rampart on the eastern boundary was eroding, and the wooden parapet of the walls there was weather-damaged; some of the newer walls had been constructed hastily and were not thick enough, their foundations were too weak, and the facing of poor quality. The king's response to a request for help was simply to renew the murage. A further examination, in the early 1360s, intended to see if murage was being spent to good effect on the defences, brought out more problems – such as buildings, gardens and orchards being situated adjacent to the defences, to the latter's detriment – and a series of recommendations that proved difficult to implement; the owners of properties alongside the walls and ditches naturally resisted their removal, as did the owners of houses facing the quayside, whose windows and doors were ordered blocked up. Ironically it was the integration of those merchants' houses into the defences that gave rise to innovative improvements. The blocked openings subsequently had keyhole loops inserted to serve hand-gunners (as well as archers or crossbowmen), making that western stretch of wall one of the earliest defences in the country known to incorporate gunports. And, since the walls of the stone houses were not thick enough to support a parapet, a second wall in the form of a series of arches was built against the former house-fronts; this provided for a parapet while incorporating concealed spaces (machicolations) through which defenders on the parapet could project missiles down at attackers who entered the recessed arches.

In 1369, shortly before the war with France became active again, the king authorized the town government to impose a tax on residents for improving the defences. Such a tax was again granted in 1376 and, between then and 1382, the town's fee farm was remitted for application to wall-building. During the early fifteenth century, the king provided for continuing work by granting an annual allowance from customs revenues, to supplement a partial remittance of the farm and an amount required to be raised from local sources (and, later, income from property the king allowed the corporation to acquire in mortmain); some of this work involved strengthening towers and gates, including the accommodation of guns. Maintenance and upgrades continued piecemeal throughout much of the century, fears of a Yorkist assault in 1460 reminding residents of the rationale for the endeavour. Despite subsidization from royal revenues, the financial burden on the town itself continued to be great.

The four decades following the French raid of 1338 were probably those of greatest activity in wall-building, with much of the western and southern stretches being erected; although the 1360s enquiry suggests that the fortifications facing the waterfront were cobbled together by incorporating private houses into the barrier, and the name of one of the properties on this route suggests that chains may have been used as an obstacle at some time. It was in the latter part of this period that we start to hear of the Westgate, which opened onto the western (riverside) section of quay, and of the south gate of the town, referred to in 1378 as the New Gate, and later as the Watergate.

The Watergate gave access from what was Southampton's high street, running through the town from the northern gate (Bargate), to the town quay; the section of quay near the Watergate, after redevelopment in 1410/11 (including construction of a crane there), became the principal point for the loading and unloading of ships. The building of the new quay is an example of a public work financed by a private citizen: Thomas Middleton. The gate provided a base for the water bailiff to collect local customs on imports and exports; his office was perhaps in one of the upper chambers. On the west side of the gate was the house were the king's customs were collected. Not far from the gate was the Weigh House, containing the beam used determine the weight of wool for purposes of customs assessment, and also the Wool House, built by Middleton as a strong warehouse for storing wool, and perhaps the finest (and only surviving) example of several such warehouses in medieval Southampton.

In their efforts to spread the burden of the cost in maintaining and upgrading town defences, by 1454 the Southampton authorities had allocated responsibility for stretches of the wall among the 400-plus properties in the four wards into which Southampton was then divided. As for the towers, those the authorities did not think better to keep directly under their control were assigned to individuals or religious houses, or – in the sixteenth century – to particular craft gilds, along with responsibility for defending them. This approach is first seen in regard to the tower associated with the Watergate, leased to a succession of townsmen during the fifteenth century:

  • William Ravenston (1403-?);
  • William Soper (1433-77), one of the leading citizens, who built or rebuilt a pair of towers beside the gateway (the greater being immediately west of the gate) in return for a long lease. Although Soper died ca.1459, he had already (since 1439) sub-leased to his legal advisor John Ingoldesby, who obtained licence to add one or more solars above the house; he surrendered his rights in the property in 1477.
  • Roger Kelsale; (1483-?)
  • and Richard Palshid (1496-ca.1534).

The first two lessees paid the nominal rent of a red rose, their financial obligations being primarily in improvements to the structure and its maintenance in a defensible state; the latter two paid the almost equally nominal sum of 12d. a year. In his lease, Soper was permitted to build a house on the east side of the gate, so long as it left an access route (13 feet wide and 16 high) through to the street that ran in front of the wall. In Soper's will this building was described as a shop with a (living) room above it; this was presumably the house inhabited by Margery Kyrton in 1481, and she was said still to be resident when Palshid took on the lease. His lease was framed much the same as Kelsale's, with the same rights and obligations, but the term was 84 years; it also mentions a portcullis (with which Palshid was not to meddle), but whether the portcullis was added during Kelsale's tenure cannot be said with certainty. The shed that Kelsale was permitted to erect, and that Palshid was allowed to keep, was a new requirement, doubtless stemming from Kelsale's business activities.

Kelsale's tenure of the tower and its appurtenances was not smooth sailing, however. He was one of four Southampton men attainted before the parliament of 11484 as rebels, implicated in the uprising of malcontents against Richard III that has been associated (questionably) with the Duke of Buckingham and Henry Tudor's abortive attempt to land at Poole. Of his fellow rebels, one is known to have held shops in Southampton, but later made Poole his base when he went into the customs service; two others were former mayors of Southampton. Of the ex-mayors, Walter William would have been mayor at the time of the uprising (October 1483), but with rumours of the event spreading in advance he had already thought it prudent to flee to sanctuary, and a replacement had been elected; the other, William Overey had served as town clerk before proceeding to political office and his clerical skills helped him to a post as customs controller.

Roger Kelsale himself was a yeoman of the crown throughout Edward IV's reign; tasks he performed for the king included the manufacture and transport of artillery, supervision of work to improve and maintain Southampton's walls and harbour, and the victualling of ships that were to pursue one of Richard III's Woodville enemies. Either his influence or the favour he found with the borough authorities at that period is reflected not only in the grant of the lease of the Watergate tower, and also, later that same year, of a 40-year lease on another house, but also in his selection to represent the town at the 1478 and 1483 parliaments. By 1476 he had also become a customs collector at Southampton, his term in that post being renewed in 1483. However, in the following year he and others (including Richard Wiskard) were being sued by the town to account for monies received from the king towards repair of the walls, but not turned over to the local authorities for application. His attainder and the associated order to seize Kelsale's property (a potential source of problems for the town, if the tower had been involved) cannot have done his reputation much good, although he was able to take advantage of the change of monarch to have the attainder reversed in 1485 and be reconfirmed in his post of customs collector. That he drew up his will in October 1485, however, suggests apprehension or declining health. Yet he may have survived a few more years, for Palshid's arrangement with the corporation in 1496 has less the look of a new negotiation than the assumption of the remaining term on Kelsale's lease.

Regardless of their politics, men such as these, taking on what Platt calls "repair leases" of public buildings, can be considered civic-minded; but to be so in the Middle Ages tended to involve combining the qualities of benefactor and entrepreneur. It need not surprise us that, in the case of the Watergate lease, such men were local administrators and/or lawyers, with strong interest and expertise in accumulating real estate; nor, given the location, that some were involved in the customs service. It is of rather more interest that some lessees were involved in administering work on the town defences or other efforts in support of military initiatives, but we cannot generalize from that: Southampton itself played an important role in coastal defence and as a staging-point for foreign expeditions; by contrast, at Oxford it was students and staff of the university who showed a high interest in renting residential space within the city fortifications.

flourish

NOTES

"solar or solars"
These upper rooms would have been on the west side of the tower, the solars (presumably) built earlier by Ingoldesby being on the east side of the gateway. It was partly the conglomeration of secondary buildings around the gate and its tower that led to the decision in 1804 to pull the whole mess down.

"not lower"
Had the solar been constructed close to ground level, it would have blocked access along either the high street, or the lane running in front of the wall and gate (one old name of the lane – Porters Lane – reflecting the importance of prohibiting any obstacles there).

"skelyng"
Some kind of storage shed or lean-to; the term may have its roots in Old English or Norse (skjul); it was used largely in southern England and occurs several times in the Black Book. Possibly connected to the Scottish "shieling" (a connection with "skeel", a wooden container for storing liquids, is doubtful). In the present case, that the structure was a lean-to placed against the town wall is suggested by the requirement it be removed at times when defenders needed unfettered access to the fortifications or (since the skeling was on the exterior face of the wall) when there was the risk that it could be used for protection by attackers. The temporary character of this structure is also suggested in that it is not mentioned in the list of the structures which the contract required the lessee to keep in good repair.

"rigging"
naula was normally used for a payment for freighting goods, but that makes no sense here; the context suggests it is used to refer to some apparatus for ships.

"timber"
focalia strictly means firewood, but in the context it more likely refers to unfinished timber generally, or possibly timber used for ship repairs.

"loop-holes"
Presumably the keyhole-type gunports such as are found in some surviving elements of Southampton's defensive fortifications; over the previous century some of Southampton's gates, towers and walls had been fitted out with gunports, and that was likely the expectation with the Watergate.

"drive away"
In the event that some of the distresses might be livestock.

"lord or magnate"
Meaning, someone who was not a burgess and consequently not easily held to account by the town court.

"small gates"
porticules may here refer either to wicket gates providing pedestrian access (as opposed to the main gate through which wagons could pass) or possibly doors leading into the tower from the passageway through it.

"warrant and defend"
The warrantee clause was a piece of legalese that assured the grantor's e videntiary support for the grantee in the event that the latter's tenure should face any legal challenge in the future.

"descended on Southampton"
The French raid and its consequences are described in greater detail in a dedicated chapter in Colin Platt, Medieval Southampton: The port and trading community, A.D. 1000-1600. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. He also provides, passim, a good account of challenges facing the completion of the fortifications. A description of the town's defences is given in the Victoria County History.

"mangonel"
The term could be used generically for siege artillery, as could "gonne"; I agree with Professor J.B. Calvert ["Cannons and Gunpowder" University of Denver, 2000] that "gun" is more likely derived from mangonel (occasionally abbreviated to gonel) than Gunhilda, as more commonly believed. But "mangonel" was also more specifically for the most common type of medieval catapult prior to the introduction of the trebuchet, it had better range but less accuracy than a trebuchet.

"recommendations"
Besides removing impediments, blocking access points in seaward houses, blocking up all gateways other than those of the main north, south, east and west gates, and improvements to ditches, the inquisition jury advised that "A common way should be made within the walls and enclosures around the town of the width of twelve royal feet (3.66 m.), and every man having gardens within the town should take away all the dung lying in the way, each against his own plot.... One sentry box or more should be made round about the town between every two towers." [Hilary Turner, Town Defences in England and Wales. London: John Baker, 1971, 173.] Improving the fortifications was only part of the problem, however. It was subsequently reported that defenders were few in number: a muster produced 30 well-armed men, 30 others with lesser arms, 30 archers, and a couple of hundred men armed only with clubs; whereas it was estimated that 100 men-at-arms and 100 archers were required to mount a viable defence. By the late sixteenth century, however, the borough was able to muster around 400 armed men.

"one of the earliest"
Creighton and Higham, Medieval Town Walls, Tempus: 2005, 111, suggest the gunports may have been introduced around 1378/79, prompted by French attacks on the Isle of Wight.

"1376"
On this occasion, the townsmen had petitioned parliament for relief from a two-year debt owed the king for the town's farm, and for the restoration of a garrison and external aid on the fortifications. They complained that many of their number had left or were planning to leave the town, ruined by the burden of the farm and by having "greatly spent their wealth on the walls, ditches and other fortifications built around the said town, which expenditures and outlays they can no longer endure, and a great part still remains to be walled." [Rotuli Parliamentorum, II, 346b]. They claimed to have spent the money intended to pay the farm, along with £1,000 more, on wall-building. Such outlays (even allowing for exaggeration) were only one aspect of Southampton's problems, however. The town's commerce and associated revenues (such as tolls) available for local government, had fallen for a variety of reasons: there was the challenge of recovering from the losses after the 1338 raid; stresses of war during the decades that followed (with repeated invasion alarms and demands on the citizenry to support the war effort); and the reluctance of foreign merchants to risk getting caught up in hostilities by conducting trade through Southampton; furthermore the town was one of the first in England to be hit by the Black Death. At the same parliament the men of Winchester, whose cloth industry had severely declined because of the war (which likewise impacted Southampton, through which the cloth was exported), also complained of depopulation and petitioned for financial support in restoring their walls, which they described as largely ruinous. It should be borne in mind that this was the so-called Good Parliament, at which public dissatisfaction with the heavy costs of the war, military failures, and perceived maladministration at the highest levels of government, began to find expression, and quite a few towns took advantage of the reform atmosphere to plead hardship and request new sources of revenue or relief from financial obligations to the Crown. Southampton, however, had been pleading poverty since the French raid, and had already received exemptions from national taxations in 1339 and 1360 and a reduction in its farm from 1342.

"guns"
The purchase of a gun by the borough authorities was recorded in 1382. In a letter of ca.1460, perhaps prompted by a threat from Yorkist forces, the corporation complained to the king's council not only of the decayed state of the town walls and castle and a lack of good men capable of defending the town, but also that the 25 guns, large and small, they owned were insufficient   they estimated the need for another 60 or more. Later in that decade an inventory was drawn up of guns stored in the upper chamber of the Bargate and in various towers. In the early fifteenth century new towers added to the Southampton circuit were being designed to respond to changes in military technology: they not only had gunports for smaller artillery pieces but also reinforced upper levels to accommodate larger cannon. By 1457 the town was employing a gunner responsible for the care and use of the guns and the manufacture of gunpowder and shot, and by 1512 he was supervising assistants in some of those tasks. The mangonels of past centuries had long since passed out of use.

"Thomas Middleton"
An administrator who proved his worth to local government in the role of town clerk and steward (treasurer) during the 1380s, and to his fellow citizens as an executor and attorney. He acquired wealth, property, and prominence in Southampton and was elected its mayor in three consecutive years (1401-03). He also had roles in the customs collection service, and some mercantile involvement in the wool trade. As often the case with private investment in public works, he was to recoup his expenses on the town quay through fees on merchants for use of the quay for unloading (wharfage) and of the crane to assist this (cranage); after his death (ca.1428) these fees would go to bolster the town revenues. For a while, the west gate was known as Middleton's Gate and one of the towers on the wall was also named after him.

"William Ravenston"
As mayor (1399-1400) he was involved in the initiation of new work on Southampton's defences, when relations between England and France took a turn for the worse, although most of this new effort was accomplished under the supervision of his successor as mayor, Thomas Middleton; Ravenston did not live out the term of his twenty-year lease, for we hear of his widow in June 1418.

"Richard Palshid"
He, like Thomas Middleton, began his administrative career as Southampton's town clerk (the earliest surviving reference to him in that office being in 1502) and a few years later was upgraded to the post of recorder; his career continued as a customs collector from 1509, in which role he served up to 1534 (his death, despite report of a mortal illness in 1522). His legal services were available not just to the borough, but to fellow townspeople as well. Again like Middleton (and many other contemporaries) the wealth he amassed was invested heavily in real estate. After acquiring the lease of the Watergate tower, he renovated it, added new chambers, and made it his home. In 1519/20 he oversaw the construction of a new customs house for the borough. He also appears to have had something of a military bent, judging from the number of duties he was assigned in that sphere. An undated document of ca.1500 has him as one of the eight town wardens, with the assignment of mustering militia; in 1504 he was acting, in a similar part of the town (in the vicinity of the Watergate), as one of the vintenars appointed to assist the mayor and aldermen to put the town in order in preparation for a visit by the king. A royal commissioner of array in 1511, he furnished one of the soldiers sent by Southampton to the aid of the Bishop of Winchester in 1513. In the following year he was commissioned to raise an entire contingent to go with the Mary Rose, he himself joining its voyage from Portsmouth to London; and is also found in the role of one of the captains of the Portsmouth garrison. In 1520 he was one of the townsmen ordered to superintend the victualling of a war fleet to sail from Southampton.

"40-year lease"
Witnesses to the grant included William Overey, Walter William, and Richard Wiskard, supporting (if flimsily) the possibility of some personal connection between the Southampton rebels.

"received from the king"
In the form of an allowance of £40 from royal revenues. His commission to supervise the expenditure of this money on the walls and quays was issued in 1478.




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Created: December 31, 2007 © Stephen Alsford, 2007